![]() ![]() The lateral navigation (LNAV) procedures designed at that time had a height above touchdown (HAT) no lower than 250 ft., but the obstacle identification surface footprint was quite large, which potentially increased the minimum descent altitude (MDA) due to more obstacles being evaluated. Both of these documents were released before the availability of the FAA˜s WAAS. The first GPS-based criteria were promulgated in the FAA’s Order 8260.38 and Transport Canada’s TP308 in 1996. Canada uses a document called Criteria for the Development of Instrument Procedures (TP308) which is almost identical to FAA TERPS. Canada has chosen the FAA TERPS criteria as the basis for all Canadian instrument procedures. Each nation state is responsible for adopting, adapting (in some cases), approving and maintaining these criteria for their own territory. There are only two sources for the base criteria: FAA 0rder 8260, referred to as TERPS and ICAO Procedures for Air Navigation Services Aircraft Operations (PANS-OPS). This article looks at the design of these new procedures and how airports and aircraft operators will benefit.Īll instrument procedures, including approaches, standard instrument departures (SIDs), standard terminal arrival routes (STARs), etc., are designed in accordance with an approved set of criteria, which define every aspect of the procedure, including obstacle clearances, turn radii, and climb and descent gradients. Now, with the introduction of the wide area augmentation system (WAAS), this space-based augmentation system can provide instrument landing system (ILS) performance. With the global positioning system (GPS) or global navigation satellite system (GNSS), new procedures have been developed that provide the same capability as ground-based, non-precision navaids such as non-directional beacons (NDBs) and VHF omnidirectional radio range (VORs), but with greater flexibility. In aviation, the technology has cut the cost of implementing instrument procedures dramatically, while providing that capability to sites which would not otherwise be suitable even for ground-based navigation aids. Space-based navigation systems have revolutionized all aspects of navigation. ![]()
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